Meningoencephalitis caused by Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae in an infant from southern Spain.

Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) is an emergent pathogen that mainly causes gastroenteritis. Also, it causes ear, wound infections, and bacteremia but the nervous system is rarely affected. We report on a case of NOVC meningoencephalitis in an infant that recovered after antimicrobial therapy but later presented neurologic sequelae.

Diagnóstico y manejo de la sinusitis: actitudes de los pediatras / Diagnosis and management of sinusitis: attitudes of the pediatricians

Introducción: la sinusitis es una patología frecuente de la que desconocemos su abordaje en la práctica pediátrica diaria. Material y métodos: se realiza un estudio trasversal, de ámbito nacional mediante una encuesta distribuida on-line a los socios de dos sociedades pediátricas en marzo de 2013. Resultados: se obtuvieron 994 respuestas (78% de Atención Primaria). La mayoría de profesionales estima una frecuencia de sinusitis de alrededor del 1% de las visitas, el 76,6% refiere diagnosticarla exclusivamente con criterios clínicos, y el 92% considera una asociación de síntomas que incluyen rinorrea persistente/purulenta (89%), dolor facial/cefalea (84%), tos prolongada o nocturna y fiebre en el contexto de infección respiratoria de vías altas (IRA) 54%. El 19,7% de los profesionales de primaria y el 33,4% de los de especializada solicitarían un estudio radiológico. Un 90% refiere utilizar antibióticos con o sin otros tratamientos: amoxicilina-clavulánico (52%), seguido de amoxicilina 46% (relación que se invierte en especializada). Un 81% de los pediatras refiere diagnosticar IRA en más del 30% de las visitas, y en el 85% de los casos no prescriben tratamiento farmacológico. Ante una sintomatología catarral prolongada más de 14 días, un 70% decidiría tratar. Los tratamientos más utilizados serían antiinflamatorios/analgésicos en el 54,5% de los casos, y antibióticos en el 51,4%. Conclusiones: las respuestas de los pediatras sobre conocimientos y práctica clínica en IRA y sinusitis indican un alto nivel de adecuación a las Guías más recientes, destacando la escasa utilización de antibióticos en las IRA, el diagnóstico eminentemente clínico de la sinusitis y la elección empírica de antibióticos en la misma (AU)

Introduction: sinusitis is a common condition whose approach in daily pediatric practice is not well known. Methods: performing a national level cross-sectional study through a survey distributed "on line" to members of 2 pediatric societies, in March 2013. Results: 994 responses were obtained (78% of Primary Care). Most professionals estimated the frequency of sinusitis being about 1% of the visits. 76.6% reported exclusively diagnosis with clinical criteria, considering (92%) an association of symptoms including persistent / purulent rhinorrhea (89%), facial pain / headache (84%), prolonged or nocturnal cough and fever in the context of upper respiratory infection (URI) (54%). Between 19.7 and 33.4% of professionals (primary / specialist) would request radiographs. 90% reported using antibiotics with or without other adjunctive treatments, being amoxicillin-clavulanate (52%) the chosen antibiotic, followed by amoxicillin 46%. 81% of pediatricians diagnose URI in more than 30% of visits and in 85% of cases do not prescribe drug treatment. When the URI lasts more than 14 days, 70% of them decide to treat. The most widely used treatments are anti-inflammatory / analgesics (54.5%) and antibiotics (51.4%). Conclusions: pediatricians' knowledge and clinical practice in URI and sinusitis indicate a high level of compliance with the most recent clinical practice guidelines, highlighting the limited use of antibiotics in the URI, the clinical diagnosis of sinusitis and the empirical choice of antibiotic (AU)

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sinusitis / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis

Presentamos el Documento de consenso sobre sinusitis de la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica, la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria, la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Patología Cérvico-Facial. La sinusitis es una enfermedad de diagnóstico difícil, a menudo no reconocida. Se analiza la etiología, la clínica y los criterios diagnósticos más aceptados, y se realizan recomendaciones terapéuticas acordes con la situación epidemiológica actual. Se propone la amoxicilina por vía oral como tratamiento antibiótico de elección, en dosis de 80 mg/kg al día repartidos cada 8 h. Se indican tratamientos alternativos en casos especiales y en ausencia de eficacia de la amoxicilina. Se revisan las principales complicaciones de la enfermedad (AU)

The Spanish National Consensus (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care, Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Pathology) on Sinusitisis presented. Rhinosinusitis is a difficult to diagnose and often unrecognised disease. The document discusses the aetiology, the clinical signs and symptoms, and the diagnostic criteria. A proposal for treatment is made based on the epidemiological situation in our country. Oral amoxicillin is the treatment of choice (80 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours). Alternative treatment is proposed in special cases and when amoxicillin is not sufficient. The main complications are reviewed (AU)

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sinusitis / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis

Presentamos el Documento de consenso sobre sinusitis de la Sociedad de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap), la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y de Atención Primaria (SEPEAP) y la Sociedad Española de Otrorrinolaringología Pediátrica (SEORL). La sinusitis es una enfermedad de diagnóstico difícil, a menudo no reconocida. Se analiza la etiología, la clínica y los criterios diagnósticos más aceptados, y se realizan recomendaciones terapéuticas acordes con la situación epidemiológica actual. Se propone la amoxicilina por vía oral como tratamiento antibiótico de elección en dosis de 80 mg/kg/día repartidas cada 8 horas. Se indican tratamientos alternativos en casos especiales y en ausencia de eficacia de la amoxicilina. Se revisan las principales complicaciones de esta entidad (AU)

The Spanish National Consensus (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care, Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Pathology) on Sinusitisis presented. Rhinosinusitis is a difficult to diagnose and often unrecognised disease. The document discusses the aetiology, the clinical signs and symptoms, and the diagnostic criteria. Aproposal for treatment is made based on the epidemiological situation in our country. Oral amoxicillin is the treatment of choice (80 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours). Alternative treatment is proposed in special cases and when amoxicillin is not sufficient. The main complications are reviewed (AU)

[Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis]. / Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sinusitis.

The Spanish National Consensus (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care, Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Pathology) on Sinusitis is presented. Rhinosinusitis is a difficult to diagnose and often unrecognised disease. The document discusses the aetiology, the clinical signs and symptoms, and the diagnostic criteria. A proposal for treatment is made based on the epidemiological situation in our country. Oral amoxicillin is the treatment of choice (80mg/kg/day divided every 8hours). Alternative treatment is proposed in special cases and when amoxicillin is not sufficient. The main complications are reviewed.

Documento de consenso sobre el tratamiento de la exposición a tuberculosis y de la infección tuberculosa latente en niños / Treatment of tuberculosis exposure and latent tuberculosis infection in children

Introducción La pobreza, la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la resistencia a fármacos y la diseminación a partir de pacientes con infección latente son las causas más importantes de la pandemia actual de tuberculosis. En los países industrializados, la población inmigrante procedente de países en desarrollo y la falta de programas eficaces de control son las causas principales del incremento de la enfermedad. La situación de los niños es todavía más grave por ser más vulnerables a la enfermedad que los adultos. El mayor riesgo de contraer tuberculosis lo tienen los niños autóctonos que conviven con adultos que tienen factores de riesgo de tuberculosis y los niños inmigrantes y adoptados del tercer mundo. A pesar de que los niños desarrollan la enfermedad no son prácticamente nunca bacilíferos, el tratamiento adecuado de la exposición a tuberculosis bacilífera y de la infección tuberculosa latente en niños contribuye a crear una vigilancia estrecha de los núcleos familiares que asegura un riguroso estudio de contactos y contribuye a evitar formas graves de tuberculosis, más frecuentes en el niño. Objetivo El objetivo de este segundo documento de consenso del Grupo de Trabajo de Tuberculosis de la Sociedad de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP) es unificar criterios para el tratamiento de las situaciones de exposición a tuberculosis e infección tuberculosa latente en niños y sensibilizar a las autoridades sanitarias acerca de la necesidad de acometer programas muy estrictos de detección de tuberculosis en población de riesgo

Introduction The most important causes of the current tuberculosis pandemic are poverty, HIV infection, drug resistance, and the spread of infection by patients with latent tuberculosis infection. In industrialized countries, the main reasons for the increase of this disease are immigration from developing countries and the lack of effective surveillance programs. The situation of children is even more serious as they are more vulnerable to the disease than adults. The children most at risk are those who live with adults at risk for tuberculosis, immigrant children, and adoptees from developing countries. Although children are bacilliferous only exceptionally, the appropriate management of bacilliferous tuberculosis exposure and latent tuberculosis infection in children contributes to the creation of close surveillance of nuclear families and rigorous study of contacts. Moreover, it could prevent serious forms of the disease, which are more frequent in children. Objective The principal objective of this second consensus document of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica [SEIP]) is to unify the criteria for the treatment of tuberculosis exposure and latent tuberculosis infection in children. A further aim is to increase awareness of the need for strict detection measures in high-risk populations among health authorities

Evolution of resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter over a 6-year period.

The aim of this report was to study the evolution of susceptibilities of 1532 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter recovered over a period of 6 years. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 15 antimicrobial agents were determined for all the isolates. The respective percentages of resistant strains in the years 1991 and 1996 were as follows: ciprofloxacin, 54.4% and 90.4%; tobramycin, 33% and 71.8%; amikacin, 21% and 83.7%; ampicillin plus sulbactam, 65.7% and 84.1%; ceftazidime, 57.4% and 86.8%; ticarcillin, 70% and 89.4%; trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole, 41.1% and 88.9%; and imipenem, 1.3% and 80%. The MIC90s of ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, biapenem, meropenem, imipenem, cefepime, cefpirome, and rifampicin against 250 imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter strains were >32, >32, 128, >256, 256, >256, 256, and 16 mg/l, respectively. With serious infections, it was necessary to resort to the use of colistin, the only antibiotic active in vitro.

Evaluation of methods for isolation of Salmonella species using modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium and Salmonella-Shigella agar.

A total of 197 Salmonella strains were isolated from 1717 stool samples on salmonella-shigella agar and modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium before and after enrichment in selenite broth. Better sensitivity was obtained with salmonella-shigella agar than in direct plating (89.2% vs. 64.4%, P<0.0001) and after broth enrichment (96.4% vs. 88.1%, P<0.01). The incidence of false-positive results using modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium was higher than that obtained using salmonella-shigella agar combined with the oxidase and C8 esterase tests in direct plating (33 vs. 2 strains) and after enrichment (43 vs. 0 strains). Thus, based on its performance modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium could be a suitable option for isolation of salmonellae from stool samples in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Diagnosis of brucellosis by using blood cultures.

The performances of three blood culture systems, Hemoline performance diphasic medium (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), Bactec Plus Aerobic/F* (Becton Dickinson, Paramus, N.J.), and Vital Aer (bioMérieux), were compared for the diagnosis of 17 cases of brucellosis. By using a 5-day incubation protocol, positive results were 52.9, 82.4, and 11.8%, respectively. When the protocol was extended to 7 days, the results were 76.5, 94.1, and 47.1%, respectively. Bactec was the fastest system (P < 0.05).